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black hole thermodynamics

And we have just seen that a black hole has a non-zero temperature. These two facts explain the radiation process.Your body is radiating at a rate of about 60 Watts, the same as a 60W light bulb. Analogously, the The generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSL) was needed to present the second law of thermodynamics as valid. One consequence of this is that when two black holes merge, the surface area of the merged event horizon must be greater than the surface areas of the original black holes.The third law states that “extreme” black holes (those with a maximum possible rotation or charge) would have minimum entropy. The core of thermodynamics is embodied by its four basic laws.The zeroth law states that if object A is in thermodynamic equilibrium with object B (meaning no net energy flows between them), and object C is in thermodynamic equilibrium with B, then A and C are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other. It also has a total amount of mass-energy.

So, as Hawking realised, we can apply all of Thermodynamics to a black hole. This is kind of like saying that such a black hole is at thermal equlibrium.The first law relates the mass, rotation and charge of a black hole to its entropy. We have now found a relationship between these two indicators of the direction of time.It is amusing to speculate about what will happen to the Second Law of Thermodynamics if the universe is closed, so that at some point the expansion stops and reverses.Even more wild is the idea that if the expansion of the universe determines the direction of time's arrow, then if the universe starts to contract the direction of time will also reverse.Hawking and Bekenstein did much of the above work on the thermodynamics of black holes and the universe.
are continually being formed and disappearing everywhere in the universe.

Thus, we can calculate theWe have also seen that the entropy measures the heat divided by the absolute temperature.
In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black-hole event horizons. But black holes are described with general relativity, which treats them as smooth — not quantum — objects. Based on thought experiments of this sort, and on the known result that the area of a black hole event horizon can never decrease, Jacob Bekenstein proposed in the early 1970s … Although Hawking's calculations gave further thermodynamic evidence for black-hole entropy, until 1995 no one was able to make a controlled calculation of black-hole entropy based on For perturbations of stationary black holes, the change of energy is related to change of area, angular momentum, and electric charge by The reason for the disconnect is that performing a detailed thermodynamics analysis of a black hole involves examining all the possible quantum states of the black hole. In the 1800s scientists studying things like heat and the behavior of low density gases developed a theory known as thermodynamics. Browse other questions tagged thermodynamics general-relativity black-holes event-horizon action or ask your own question. If we could calculate the rate at which a typical human-like creature acquires information throughout its lifetime, then a simple division will allow us to calculate the number of such sentient beings there are in the universe.To guess at the rate at which we produce negentropy we take our memory system to be essentially digital, with each of the 10We assume evolution is efficient, so the memory store is full after 100 years.The result of dividing this rate of negentropy production into the rate at which physical entropy is being produced by our expanding universe is a number on the order of 10So, perhaps this is a failed speculation. One of the features of Hawking and Bekenstein's development of blackhole thermodynamics is that it ties many many pieces of physics together. That is, The second law is the statement of Hawking's area theorem.

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