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mohammad reza pahlavi

Oil prices increased 470 per cent over a 12-month period, which also increased Iran's GDP by 50 per cent. https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi&oldid=48751783, Riddare och kommendör av Kungl. [319] In 1973, Mohammad Reza told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci: A king who does not need to account to anyone for what he says and does is unavoidably doomed to loneliness. However, Shams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, and their older half-sister, Fatimeh, were not royalty by birth, as their father did not become Shah until 1925. [41] As a student, Mohammad Reza played competitive football, but the school records indicate that his principal problem as a football player was his "timidity" as the Crown Prince was afraid to take risks. In an interview held in prison in 1989, Pahlavi however stated that he was sentenced for his family connections. [181], On 7 May 1972, Mohammad Reza told a visiting President Richard Nixon that the Soviet Union was attempting to dominate the Middle East via its close ally Iraq, and that to check Iraqi ambitions would also be to check Soviet ambitions. Hän oli Pahlavin hallitsijasuvun toinen monarkki. [229][230][231][232][233][234][235] On 2 October 1978, the Shah declared and granted an amnesty to dissidents living abroad, including Ayatollah Khomeini. This became a major scandal, as the contrast between the dazzling elegance of the celebration and the misery of the nearby villages was so dramatic that no one could ignore it. [53], Mohammad Reza's marriage to Fawzia produced one child, a daughter, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi (born 27 October 1940). U ustavnoj krizi 1953. doÅ¡ao je u sukob s predsjednikom vlade i vođom Nacionalne stranke Irana M. Mossadeghom, koji se protivio velikim ovlastima Å¡aha i sudjelovanju stranoga kapitala u iranskoj naftnoj industriji. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi inherited the wealth built by his father Reza Shah who preceded him as king of Iran and became known as the richest person in Iran during his reign, with his wealth estimated to be higher than 600 million rials and including vast amounts of land and numerous large estates specially in the province of Mazandaran obtained usually at a fraction of its real price. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (persiska: محمد رضا پهلوی), född 26 oktober 1919 i Teheran i Iran, död 27 juli 1980 i Kairo i Egypten, var shah av Iran (formellt Shahanshah-Aryamehr, "Konungarnas konung och Ariernas ljus") 1941–1979. [213][214][215], International cultural cooperation was encouraged and organised, such as the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire and Shiraz Arts Festival. [219] On 7 January 1978, an article Iran and Red and Black Colonization was published in the newspaper Ettela'at attacking Ruhollah Khomeini, who was in exile in Iraq at the time; it referred to him as a homosexual, a drug addict, a British spy and claimed he was an Indian, not an Iranian. Such an individual belongs to an Iranian prison, or if he desires he can leave the country tomorrow, without even paying exit fees; he can go anywhere he likes, because he is not Iranian, he has no nation, and his activities are illegal and punishable according to the law. [161] At the celebration at Persepolis in 1971, the Shah had an elaborate fireworks show put on together with a sound and light show transmitted by hundreds of hidden loudspeakers and projectors intended to send a dual message; that Iran was still faithful to its ancient traditions and that Iran had transcended its past to become a modern nation, that Iran was not "stuck in the past", but as a nation that embraced modernity had chosen to be faithful to its past. [243] The Iranian military had no plans in place to deal with such an event, and the strike pushed the regime to the economic brink. My mystical force. [198] In 1975, U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller declared in a speech: "We must take His Imperial Majesty to the United States for a couple of years so that he can teach us how to run a country. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. [294], He left the United States on 15 December 1979 and lived for a short time in the Isla Contadora in Panama. He repeatedly clashed with his prime minister Ahmad Qavam, whom he viewed as too pro-Soviet. Nevertheless, Reza Khan was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his son who was dubbed khoshghadam (bird of good omen). They married on 15 March 1939 in the Abdeen Palace in Cairo. "[144] The Shah wrote back, addressing Khomeini as Hojat-al Islam rather than as Ayatollah, declining his request. But he was annoyed that the film focused only on Iran's past, writing to Lamorisse there were no modern buildings in his film, which he charged made Iran look "backward". října 1919 – 27. [186] After 1969, a process of "reverse leverage" set in, when Mohammad Reza began to dictate to the United States as the Americans needed him more than he needed the Americans. Zahedi's son Ardeshir acted as the contact between the CIA and his father. Shahen återinsattes som statschef och tog full kontroll över regeringen. [270] Next to the ancient ruins of Persepolis, the Shah gave orders to build a tent city covering 160 acres (0.65 km2), studded with three huge royal tents and fifty-nine lesser ones arranged in a star-shaped design. The Shah's appearance was stunningly worse ... Clearly he had obstructive jaundice. Hitta perfekta Mohammed Reza Pahlavi bilder och redaktionellt nyhetsbildmaterial hos Getty Images. Den 1 februari 1979 kom Khomeini tillbaka till Iran från sin exil i Frankrike. [173] A particular dynamic was established in American-Iranian relations from 1969 onward, in which the Americans gave in to whatever Mohammad Reza demanded, as they felt they needed a strong Iran as a pro-American force in the Middle East and could not afford to lose Iran as an ally. [3][4], Mohammad Reza came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi. [295] General Torrijos, a populist left-winger had only taken in Mohammad Reza under heavy American pressure, and he made no secret of his dislike of Mohammad Reza, whom he called after meeting him "the saddest man he had ever met". [35] Tadj ol-Molouk was the main emotional support to her son, cultivating a belief in him that destiny had chosen him for great things, as the soothsayers she consulted had explained her dreams as proving just precisely that. 398. [296] The new government in Iran still demanded his and his wife's immediate extradition to Tehran. [120], Determined to rule as well as reign, it was during the mid 1950s that Mohammad Reza started to promote a state cult around Cyrus the Great, portrayed as a great Shah who had reformed the country and built an empire with obvious parallels to himself. She was introduced to the Shah by Forough Zafar Bakhtiary, a close relative of Soraya's, via a photograph taken by Goodarz Bakhtiary, in London, per Forough Zafar's request. [51], One of the main initiatives of Iranian and Turkish foreign policy had been the Saadabad pact of 1937, an alliance bringing together Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan, with the intent of creating a Muslim bloc that, it was hoped, would deter any aggressors. [131] When Eisenhower visited Iran on 14 December 1959, Mohammad Reza told him that Iran faced two main external threats: the Soviet Union to the north and the new pro-Soviet revolutionary government in Iraq to the west. He then sought treatment in Mexico. [240] Mohammad Reza spent much of his time working out various conspiracy theories about who was behind the revolution, with his favourite candidates being some combination of Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union. [298] Mohammad Reza in the letters he sent to Paris declared he wanted to see Soraya one last time as well, but said that the Empress Farah could not be present, which presented some complications as Farah was continually by his deathbed.[299]. The Baha'i minority also did well after the bout of persecution in the mid-1950s ended with several Baha'i families becoming prominent in world of Iranian business. Multiple recommendations urged the Shah to seek treatment in the United States. [216], The overthrow of the Shah came as a surprise to almost all observers. His regime's changes focused on the civil sphere, and private-oriented family law remained restrictive, although the 1967 and 1975 Family Protection Laws attempted to reform this trend. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky . Armed with an order by the Shah, it appointed General Fazlollah Zahedi as prime minister. [203] In 1975, both the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and the French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing made pleading phone calls to Mohammad Reza asking him for loans, which ultimately led the Shah to give a US$1 billion loan to the United Kingdom and another US$1 billion to France. We Came in Peace for all Mankind- the Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc. Den Iranska revolutionen startade. [276] In 1974, Mohammad Reza learned from his French doctors that he was suffering from the cancer that was to kill him six years later. As to infrastructural and technological progress, the Shah continued and developed further the policies introduced by his father. Pahlavi subsequently indicated his interest in marrying Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, a daughter of the deposed Italian king, Umberto II. Den 26 oktober 1967 lät Pahlavi och hans gemål Farah Diba sig krönas till shah och shahbanu (kejsare och kejsarinna). [137] Relations with the victor of the 1960 election, the Democrat John F. Kennedy, were not friendly. [105], Before the first attempted coup, the American Embassy in Tehran reported that Mosaddegh's popular support remained robust. "[228] Empress Farah grew so frustrated with her husband that she suggested numerous times that he leave Iran for medical treatment and appoint her regent, saying she would handle the crisis and save the House of Pahlavi. When Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran in May 1972, the Shah convinced them to take a larger role in what had, up to then, been a mainly Israeli-Iranian operation to aid Iraqi Kurds in their struggles against Iraq, against the warnings of the CIA and State Department that the Shah would ultimately betray the Kurds. Folket massmobiliserades mot monarkin och landet kastades in i ett våldsamt kaos. [250] On 7 December 1978, it was announced that President Carter of the U.S., President Giscard d'Estaing of France, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany and Prime Minister James Callaghan of the United Kingdom would meet in Guadeloupe on 5 January 1979 to discuss the crisis in Iran. [202] As an Iranian, Mohammad Reza greatly enjoyed supporting the Greek branch of the House of Glücksburg, knowing the Greeks still celebrated their victories over the Persians in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. He lay down on the seat and covered himself with a blanket as guards waved his driver through the gates. On 15 September 1965, Mohammad Reza was granted the title of Aryamehr ('Light of the Aryans') by an extraordinary session of the joint Houses of Parliament.[345]. [32] Reza Khan was a huge barrel-chested and muscular man towering at over 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m), leading his son to liken him to a mountain, and throughout his life, Mohammad Reza was obsessed with height and stature, for example wearing elevator shoes to make himself look taller than he really was, often boasting that Iran's highest mountain Mount Damavand was higher than any peak in Europe or Japan, and he was always most attracted to tall women. Although when interviewed on 60 Minutes by reporter Mike Wallace, he criticised American Jews for their presumed control over U.S. media and finance, those remarks were intended to pacify Arab critics, and bilateral relations between Iran and Israel were not adversely affected. That official appeal alarmed both the Shah and his advisors. [325], Mohammad Reza inherited the wealth built by his father Reza Shah who preceded him as king of Iran and became known as the richest person in Iran during his reign, with his wealth estimated to be higher than 600 million rials[326] and including vast amounts of land and numerous large estates especially in the province of Mazandaran[327] obtained usually at a fraction of their real price. Upon arriving at the Marble Palace, Collbarn noted that "the Shah must have twenty-five custom-built cars...Buicks, Cadillacs, six Rolls-Royces, a Mercedes". Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shah av Iran, 1919-1980 (författare) Encomium upon Cyrus the Great / by His Imperial Majesty Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi Aryamehr, Shahanshah of Iran before the Tomb of Cyrus, Pasargadae, 12th October, 1971. The Empress Farah recalled of her days as a university student in 1950s France about being asked where she was from: When I told them Iran ... the Europeans would recoil in horror as if Iranians were barbarians and loathsome. There were several instances where army units had opened fire, the most significant being the events on 8 September 1978. While school attendance rose (by 1966 the school attendance of urban seven- to fourteen-year-olds was estimated at 75.8%), Iran's labour market could not absorb a high number of educated youth. In December 1973, only two months after oil prices were raised by 70 per cent, he urged OPEC nations to push prices even higher, which they agreed to do, more than doubling the price. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah Iran (bahasa Persia: محمدرضا پهلوی Moḥammad Rez̤ā PahlavÄ«) (lahir di Tehran, Iran, 26 Oktober 1919 – meninggal di Kairo, Mesir, 27 Juli 1980 pada umur 60 tahun), yang menyebut dirinya Yang Mulia Baginda, dan memegang gelar kerajaan Shahanshah (Raja segala raja), dan Aryamehr (Cahaya bangsa Arya) dan Bozorg Arteshtārān (Kepala Pejuang). [91], The Shah's second wife was Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, a half-German, half-Iranian woman and the only daughter of Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, Iranian Ambassador to West Germany, and his wife, the former Eva Karl. They were married in 1959, and Queen Farah was crowned Shahbanu, or Empress, a title created specially for her in 1967. In response, the Shah stated: "How could I go to a place [USA] that had undone me? Despite personal pleas from President Nixon, the Shah ignored any complaints, claimed the U.S. was importing more oil than any time in the past, and proclaimed that "the industrial world will have to realise that the era of their terrific progress and even more terrific income and wealth based on cheap oil is finished. In the past, he had claimed to take a two-party system seriously and declared, 'If I were a dictator rather than a constitutional monarch, then I might be tempted to sponsor a single dominant party such as Hitler organised'. [118] Starting in 1955, Mohammad Reza began to quietly cultivate left-wing intellectuals, many of whom had supported the National Front and some of whom were associated with the banned Tudeh party, asking them for advice about how best to reform Iran. First he flew to Aswan, Egypt, where he received a warm and gracious welcome from President Anwar El-Sadat. He was ousted in the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Under the Shah's reign, the national Iranian income showed an unprecedented rise for an extended period. [323] Reza Khan, who was less religious, dismissed these visions as nonsense, and told his son to have more common sense. And even less with tolerance ... when Castro came to power, he killed at least 10,000 people ... in a sense, he was really capable, because he's still in power. [162] To complete the message, Mohammad Reza finished off the celebrations by opening a brand new museum in Tehran, the Shahyad Aryamehr, that was housed in a very modernistic building and attended another parade in the newly opened Aryamehr Stadium, intended to give a message of "compressed time" between antiquity and modernity. The tombs lie to the left of the entrance. [42] The Crown Prince was educated in French at Le Rosey, and his time there left Mohammad Reza with a lifelong love of all things French. The massacre so reduced the chance for reconciliation that Black Friday is referred to as "the point of no return" for the revolution. After an investigation, it was thought that Fakhr-Arai was a member of the Tudeh Party,[88] which was subsequently banned. [155], Milani described Mohammad Reza's court as open and tolerant, noting that his and Farah's two favourite interior designers, Keyvan Khosravani and Bijan Saffari, were openly gay, and were not penalised for their sexual orientation with Khosravani often giving advice to the Shah about how to dress. [329] However, shortly after obtaining the wealth Mohammad Reza was ordered by his father and then king to transfer a million toman ($500,000) to each of his siblings. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi. Additional contributing factors included reports of oppression, brutality,[263][264] corruption, and extravagance. [289] Mohammad Reza's time in New York was highly uncomfortable; he was under a heavy security detail as every day, Iranian students studying in the United States gathered outside his hospital to shout "Death to the Shah! [166], In 1961, the Francophile Mohammad Reza visited Paris to meet his favourite leader, General Charles de Gaulle of France. [23] Mohammad Reza's mother, Tadj ol-Molouk, was of Azerbaijani origin, being born in Baku, Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan). They married on 12 February 1951,[52] when Soraya was 18 according to the official announcement; however, it was rumoured that she was actually 16, the Shah being 32. [63], Much of the credit for orchestrating a smooth transition of power from the King to the Crown Prince was due to the efforts of Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of Aryamehr ("Light of the Aryans") and Bozorg Arteshtaran ("Commander-in-Chief"). "[204] Befitting all this attention and praise, Mohammad Reza started to make increasingly outlandish claims for the "Great Civilisation", telling the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci in a 1973 interview: Halfway measures, compromises, are unfeasible. [148], The second attempt on the Shah's life occurred on 10 April 1965. [312] She believed that dreams were messages from another world, sacrificed lambs to bring good fortune and scare away evil spirits, and clad her children with protective amulets to ward off the power of the evil eye. That night, however, was terrible. Despite the young king's enlightened decisions, the British Minister in Tehran reported to London that "the young Shah received a fairly spontaneous welcome on his first public experience, possibly rather [due] to relief at the disappearance of his father than to public affection for himself". [126], In January 1959, the Shah began negotiations on a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which he claimed to have been driven to by a lack of American support. [86], At least two unsuccessful assassination attempts were made against the young Shah. [311] The message still rests on the lunar surface today. 292–293, Seven Events That Made America America, By, Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212. [132] However, even after the marriage, it is reported that the Shah still had great love for Soraya, and it is reported that they met several times after their divorce and that she lived her post-divorce life comfortably as a wealthy lady, even though she never remarried;[133] being paid a monthly salary of about $7,000 from Iran. Upon his accession, he adopted his father's coat of arms which included a shield composed of the Lion and the Sun symbol in first quarter, the Faravahar in the second quarter, the two-pointed sword of Ali (Zulfiqar) in third quarter and the Simurgh in the fourth quarter. He said that he chose to wait until this moment to assume the title because in his own opinion he "did not deserve it" up until then; he is also recorded as saying that there was "no honour in being Emperor of a poor country" (which he viewed Iran as being until that time). [153] Mohammad Reza had an insatiable appetite for sex, and Alam's diary has the Shah constantly telling him he needed to have sex several times a day, every day, or otherwise he would fall into depression. Swedish socialism! Reza Pahlavi facing criticism for his wealth decided to pass on all of his land and wealth to his eldest son Mohammad Reza in excha… [113], The very fact that Mohammad Reza was considered a coward and insubstantial turned out be an advantage as the Shah proved to be an adroit politician, playing off the factions in the elite and the Americans against the British with the aim of being an autocrat in practice as well in theory. [82], A qualified pilot, Mohammad Reza was fascinated with flying and the technical details of aeroplanes, and any insult to him was always an attempt to "clip my wings". [according to whom?] [85] As a regular visitor to the nightclubs of Italy, France and the United Kingdom, Mohammad Reza was linked romantically to several actresses including Gene Tierney, Yvonne De Carlo and Silvana Mangano. [165] One of the Khayami brothers complained if it had not been for the revolution "Iran National would be where the South Korean car industry is today". The monarch also actively extends his influence to all phases of social affairs ... there is hardly any activity or vocation in which the Shah or members of his family or his closest friends do not have a direct or at least a symbolic involvement. [57] Britain wished to ship arms to the Soviet Union via Iranian railroads, and statements from the German managers of the Iranian railroads that they would not cooperate made both Moscow and London insistent that the Germans Reza Khan had hired to run his railroads had to be sacked at once. [45] The Crown Prince liked Perron so much that when he returned to Iran in 1936, he brought Perron back with him, installing his best friend in the Marble Palace. Mohammad Reza was distrustful of both the Socialist government of Abd al-Karim Qasim and the Arab nationalist Baath party. Den 27 juli 1980 avled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi i Egypten av makroglobulinemi (blodcellscancer). On 1 May 1974, French Professor Georges Flandrin flew into Tehran to treat the Shah. [197] On 2 December 1974, The New Yorker published an article by Paul Erdman that was a conjectural future history entitled "The Oil War of 1976: How The Shah Won the World: The World as We Knew It Came to an End When the Shah Of Iran Decided to Restore The Glory of Ancient Persia with Western Arms". Indeed, his system irritated the new classes, for they were barred from partaking in real power. [113] Supporters of the banned National Front were persecuted, but in his first important decision as leader, Mohammad Reza intervened to ensure most of the members of the National Front brought to trial, such as Mosaddegh himself, were not executed as many had expected. "[84], Mohammad Reza often spoke of women as sexual objects who existed only to gratify him, which led to his 1973 exchange with Fallaci, who vehemently objected to his attitudes towards women. [170], The Shah's diplomatic foundation was the United States' guarantee that it would protect his regime, enabling him to stand up to larger enemies. [ 143 ] Afterwards, Mohammad Reza travelled from country to country seeking what he hoped be. 344 ], during the following two days, the Shah,,! To discuss the actual figures down and forcibly integrated into one state-created institution, which maintained many views. Knowing Qavam 's penchant for corruption, and received honours and decorations from around the 's. Industriell stormakt och stärkte landets inflytande i regionen stora andelen fattiga och överklassen växte 1953, in field! Supported in foreign, especially western, countries and the automobile industry störtades genom en statskupp och krigsministern Khan... Shah '' 15 March 1939 in the pathology lab, some achievements of the Shah instituted exams Islamic... Cia kill the Shah Michael DeBakey this had a decidedly French ambiance to.. 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